How Nepal Telecom WiMax can increase internet user in Nepal

WiMAX is the fourth generation of communication system which consists very high speed internet service at low cost. Nepal telecom (NT) is preparing to introduce WiMAX technology for the first time in Nepal. According to the spokesperson of Nepal Telecom, “Telecom is very near to start WiMAX technology in Nepal”. Customers of Kathmandu valley can experience WiMAX before the Dashain festival. The fifteen BTS towers are already been set up by Nepal telecom. “The final test will be done between the Dashain and Tihar festival and will be soon started professionally” said the spokesperson.

How WiMAX is different than current WIFI system in Nepal

We have two options now: Wifi or WiMAX? Certainly, they both are initially designed for different purposes. Wifi tends to provide Internet service within closed area to the WiFi access point whereas WiMAX is more powerful and broad version of WiFi which provides Internet Service to the broad area. Here are the key differences:

a) Coverage:

Wifi and WiMAX coverage differences are best understood comparing them with Cordless phone and mobile phones. Wifi, like a cordless phone works without wire but in a limited small area which means less coverage. WiMAX, on the other hand being mobile phone provides connection to a significantly greater distance. Wifi supports transmission ranges up to a few hundred meters whereas WiMAX could support range up to 30 miles.

b) Quality of Service:

WiMAX also has some benefits over Wifi in terms of connection quality. Users are actually battling for connection whereas in wimax each user gets a constant allotment of broadband access. Broadlink and Wordlink operates wifi network which might be resulting in the above problem. Users can experience varying levels of broadband width resulting in the fluctuation of speed whereas user will have quality constant bandwidth thus the constant and quality service with NTC Wimax.

c) Speed:

Comparing the speed of Broadlink and Worldlink WiFi’s and NTC WiMAX certainly the WiMAX users will experience better and constant speed. Like mentioned earlier there will be a huge fluctuation in the speed of WiFi whereas each individual user will get the constant bandwidth in WiMAX resulting the constant and fastest Internet service compared to WiFi.

Nepal Telecom plan on WiMAX

Telecom aims to provide WiMAX internet connection to all of the village development committees (V.D.C), municipalities and major cities of Nepal within one year. This project cost is about 10 million dollars. The agreement between Nepal Telecom and US-based equipment manufacturer and network solution provider company Airspan collaborates to introduce WiMAX for the first time in Nepal. To use WiMAX you must have an CPE device. In the current Nepali market, three types of CPE are available. If you are in the range of one kilometer of the main tower then you can use the indoor CPE. If you are in the range of 2 to 4 kilometer then you have to install the low range outdoor CPE and if you are more than 4 kilometer range of the main BTS then you have to install the high range outdoor CPE to use the WiMAX internet service. NTC has already launch some big plan including installation of Google cache server, and increasing bandwidth for existing adsl user.

Costumers will get minimum speed of 256kbps, which is treated as broadband speed in Nepal. Telecom is establishing Core Network in Kathmandu and setting up 200 BTS towers in eastern Nepal and at the same time, establishing Core Network in Butwal for the Western Region which helps people of rural area to access internet easily. It was never been such easy for rural internet connection before. NTC claimed that WIMAX will be volume based. User can’t get unlimited service like exiting ADSL or WIFI service provide by existing various ISP.

Does WIMAX hampers other ISP of Nepal

Most of the other Internet service provider rely on WiFi technology. Most of the existing service provider like Broadlink, Worldlink use different device for WiFi connectivity to end user from BTS. Due to the various factor like Geographical location of country, the architectural of the building, noise between BTS, it is almost impossible to provide the perfect WiFi connection to the end user. Despite of good customer support of private ISP, many end user are not fully satisfied. WiMAX can help to fill those gaps. But the question lies on the customer support of NTC. Nepal telecom is never good at providing customer service. Their service are pathetic which may bound user to switch to WiMAX from their current WiFi connection. the user who is using WiFi also need to buy extra device for WiMAX. Unless people see strong benefit they don’t prefer to spend extra money to get new connection. NTC comes with pathetic volume base plan which is not useful for heavy internet user.

Final conclusion: WiMAX is a perfect option for the country like Nepal where fiber connection can’t be made accessible to every VDC. NTC must be revere for this decision. NTC doesn’t have a good history of providing good customer support. Thus, many people still raised the question about WiMAX. If NTC would able provide good service and support to the user and there would be involved of private ISP for providing WiMAX services, there would be huge development in Tele communication system of Nepal.

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The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. This article explains the 7 Layers of the OSI Model.

The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.

Application (Layer 7)

This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.

Presentation (Layer 6)

This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Session (Layer 5)

This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.

Transport (Layer 4)

This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.

Network (Layer 3)

This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.

Data Link (Layer 2)

At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.

Physical (Layer 1)

This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.

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WiMAX Wireless Network

In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX could potentially erase the suburban and rural blackout areas that currently have no broadband Internet access because phone and cable companies have not yet run the necessary wires to those remote locations.

A

• WiMAX system consists of two parts:



• A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).



• A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today.
  
  A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using a high-bandwidth, wired connection (for example, a T3 line). It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second tower (often referred to as a backhaul), along with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what allows WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.
  
  What this points out is that WiMAX actually can provide two forms of wireless service:



• There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a small antenna on your computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles.



• There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less interference and lots more bandwidth.
  
  WiFi-style access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps 25 square mile­s or 65 square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a cell-phone zone). Through the stronger line-of-sight antennas, the WiMAX transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled computers or routers set up within the transmitter's 30-mile radius (2,800 square miles or 9,300 square km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum range.
  
  The final step in the area network scale is the global area network (GAN). The proposal for GAN is IEEE 802.20. A true GAN would work a lot like today's cell phone networks, with users able to travel across the country and still have access to the network the whole time. This network would have enough bandwidth to offer Internet access comparable to cable modem service, but it would be accessible to mobile, always-connected devices like laptops or next-generation cell phones.

how you access the Internet today

• Broadband access



In your home, you have either a DSL or cable modem. At the office, your company may be using a T1 or a T3 line.



• WiFi access



In your home, you may have set up a WiFi router that lets you surf the Web while you lounge with your laptop. On the road, you can find WiFi hot spots in restaurants, hotels, coffee shops and libraries.



• Dial-up access
• 
  

  If you are still using dial-up, chances are that either broadband access is not available, or you think that broadband access is too expensive.
  The main problems with broadband access are that it is pretty expensive and it doesn't reach all areas. The main problem with WiFi access is that hot spots are very small, so coverage is sparse. What if there were a new technology that solved all of these problems? This new technology would provide:

  
  
• The high speed of broadband service Wireless rather than wired access, so it would be a lot less expensive than cable or DSL and much easier to extend to suburban and rural areas.



• Broad coverage like the cell phone network instead of small WiFi hotspots.




This system is actually coming into being right now, and it is called WiMAX. WiMAX is short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, and it also goes by the IEEE name 802.16. ­

WiMAX has the potential to do to broadband Internet access what cell phones have done to phone access. In the same way that many people have given up their "land lines" in favor of cell phones, WiMAX could replace cable and DSL services, providing universal Internet access just about anywhere you go. WiMAX will also be as painless as WiFi -- turning your computer on will automatically connect you to the closest available WiMAX antenna.